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Colour measurement: Principles, advances and industrial applications

Edited by M L Gulrajani, Indian Institute of Technology, India

Woodhead Textiles Series No. 103

 - discusses colour measurement theories and the latest technological and scientific developments of measuring colour
 - case studies illustrate camera based colour measurement and review visual and instrumental evaluation of whiteness and yellowness applications in industries including cosmetics and dentistry
 - motivations for colour measurement are explored to answer questions raised as to why colours do not match and explain factors such as wet and dry fabric differences

The measurement of colour is important in many commercial operations and professions, such as bleaching and colouration of textiles, applications of paints, dentistry and colouration of food products. This book will discuss colour measurement theories, the latest technological and scientific developments of measuring colour and the applications of colour measurement.

Part one reviews the underlying theories, principles and methods of how to measure colour. It includes topics such as expressing colours numerically, camera based colour measurement, colour shade sorting and determining and improving the accuracy of colour measurement. Part two presents a selection of industrial applications illustrating the use of colour measurement in textiles, paint, teeth, hair and food.

With its international range of contributors, Colour measurement: Principles, advances and industrial applications is beneficial to a variety of readers such as colour technologists, colour quality inspectors, product developers, dentists, cosmetologists and anyone who uses colour in their work. It will also be a valuable reference for academics and students studying design, fashion or colour related subjects.

ISBN 1 84569 559 3
ISBN-13: 978 1 84569 559 0
August 2010
432 pages  234 x 156mm  hardback  
£145.00 / US$245.00 / €180.00

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About the editor

Dr M L Gulrajani is a Professor at the Indian Institute of Technology in Delhi. He has undertaken more than 50 consultancy projects from various textile industries, published over 150 research papers, edited 24 books, including conference proceedings and has four Indian patents. He is a fellow of the Society of Dyers and Colourists (UK), the Textile Association (India) and is an Honorary Member of the Association of Chemical Technologists (India).

Titles which may also be of interest:
Total colour management in textiles
Basic principles of textile coloration
Instrumental colour formulation

Contents

PART 1 THEORIES, PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF MEASURING COLOUR
PART 2 COLOUR MEASUREMENT AND ITS APPLICATIONS

PART 1 THEORIES, PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF MEASURING COLOUR

Colour vision: theories and principles
V V Pérez, D de Fez Saiz and FMartinez Verdú, University of Alicante, Spain
 - Introduction
 - Human colour vision
 - Chromatic perception
 - Defective colour vision
 - Colour constancy
 - Bibliography

Scales for communicating colour
A K Roy Choudhury, Govt. College of Engineering and Textile Technology, India
 - Introduction
 - Systematic arrangements of colours
 - Colour order systems
 - Various colour order systems
 - Comparison and interrelation of various systems
 - Accuracy of colour order systems
 - Computer-based systems
 - Universal colour language (UCL)
 - Future trends
 - References

Expressing colours numerically
V C Gupte, Advanced Graphic Systems, India
 - Introduction
 - Colour specifications
 - The commission internationale de l’eclairage (CIE) system
 - The CIE standard light sources / illuminants
 - The CIE standard observer and the unreal primaries
 - Computation of tristimulus values
 - Reflectance measurement
 - Chromaticity coordinates and chromaticity diagram
 - Usefulness of the CIE XYZ system
 - Limitations of the CIE system
 - Transformation and improvement of The CIE system
 - Future trends
 - References

Visual and instrumental evaluation of whiteness and yellowness
R Hirschler, SENAI/CETIQT Colour Institute, Brazil
 - Introduction: whiteness and yellowness
 - Visual assessment of whiteness
 - Measuring techniques and instruments
 - Indices for whiteness and yellowness
 - Applications in industry, cosmetics and dentistry
 - Future trends
 - Sources of further information and advice
 - References

Use of artificial neural networks (ANN’s) in colour measurement
M Senthilkumar, PSG College of Technology, India
 - Introduction
 - Artificial neural networks (ANN): basic principles
 - Architecture of ANN
 - Learning process
 - Feed-forward neural network
 - Training of artificial neural networks using back propagation algorithm
 - Application of artificial neural networks to colour measurement
 - Recipe prediction
 - Evaluation of the ANN method
 - Case studies
 - Future trends
 - Sources of further information and advice
 - References

Camera based colour measurement
F Martínez-Verdú, E Chorro and E Perales, University of Alicante, M Vilaseca and J Pujol, Technical University of Catalonia, Spain
 - Introduction
 - Principles of camera based colour measurement
 - Procedures of camera based colour measurement
 - Strengths and weaknesses
 - Case studies
 - Conclusions
 - Future trends
 - References

Colour shade sorting
M L Gulrajani, India Institute of Technology, India
 - Introduction
 - (555) Fixed-grid shade sorting system
 - Clemson colour clustering
 - K-means clustering
 - Modified CCC shade sorting method
 - Shade sequencing and clustering
 - References

Determining and improving the accuracy of colour measurement
J A Ladson, Color Science Consultancy, USA
 - Introduction to determining uncertainty
 - Uncertainty
 - Definitions
 - Tables of results
 - Conclusions
 - Improving accuracy: the absolute correction of instrumentally generated spectrometer values
 - Introduction: improving accuracy
 - Experimental modeling
 - Applications
 - Conclusions: improving accuracy
 - References

Colour measurement and fastness assessment
M Bide, University of Rhode Island, USA
 - Introduction: colour and colour fastness
 - The use and usefulness of colour fastness testing
 - Colourfastness test method development
 - Colourfastness test standard setting organizations
 - Standard colourfastness test format
 - Testing for colourfastness: specific tests
 - Colour fastness testing: assessment of results (colour measurement)
 - Conclusions
 - References

PART 2 COLOUR MEASUREMENT AND ITS APPLICATIONS

Colour measurement methods for textiles
N S Gangakhedkar, Compute Spectra Color Pvt. Ltd., India
 - Introduction
 - Colour as numbers
 - Colour specification
 - Metamerism
 - Reasons why colours do not match
 - Visual versus numerical pass/fail
 - olour measurement techniques for textiles
 - On-line colour measurement
 - Colour of dry and wet fabrics
 - Inspection of colour of finished fabrics: a case study
 - Conclusions
 - Future trends
 - Sources of further information and advice
 - References

Grading of cotton by colour measurement
B Xu, The University of Texas, USA
 - History of cotton color grading
 - USDA cotton color grades
 - HVI Colorimeter
 - Factors affecting cotton color grade
 - Color measurement using color image analysis
 - Using neural networks?
 - Using fuzzy logic
 - Conclusions
 - References

Colour measurement of paint films and coatings
N S Gangakhedkar, Compute Spectra Color Pvt. Ltd., India
 - Introduction
 - Quality control of paints
 - Sample preparation for colour measurement
 - Pigment quality control
 - Problems in match prediction: paint applications
 - Computer colour matching for paints
 - Colour control system
 - Measuring colour properties of wet paints
 - Instant colour matching at the paint shop
 - Colour matching of automotive paints
 - Conclusions
 - Future trends
 - Sources of further information and advice
 - References

Colour measurement of food
D B MacDougall, Formerly of the University of Reading, UK
 - Introduction
 - Colour vision: trichromatic detection
 - The influence of ambient light and food structure
 - Appearance
 - Absorption and scatter
 - Colour description: the CIE system
 - Colour description: uniform colour space
 - Instrumentation
 - Food colour appearance measurement in practice
 - Illuminant spectra and uniform colour
 - Conclusions and future trends
 - References

Colorimetric evaluation of tooth colour
A Joiner, Unilever Oral Care, UK
 - Introduction
 - The human dentition and its environment
 - Optical properties of teeth
 - The colour of teeth
 - Factors that impact tooth colour and its perception
 - Tooth whiteness
 - Measurement of tooth colour
 - Measurement of extrinsic stain
 - Methods to improve tooth colour
 - Future trends
 - Sources of further information
 - References

Hair colour measurement
D J Tobin, University of Bradford, UK
 - Introduction
 - Background
 - Natural hair colour
 - Gray hair and age
 - Effect of environment
 - Artificial hair colouring shades
 - Colour measurement methods and instruments
 - Future trends
 - Sources of further information and advice
 - References